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FIND19.TXT
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1986-03-19
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MANAGING CLASSROOM TIME
RESEARCH FINDING:
How much time students are actively engaged in learning contri-
butes strongly to their achievement. The amount of time availa-
ble for learning is determined by the instructional and manage-
ment skills of the teacher and the priorities set by the school
administration.
COMMENT:
Teachers must not only know the subjects they teach, they must
also be effective classroom managers. Studies of elementary
school teachers have found that the amount of time the teachers
actually used for instruction varied between 50 and 90 percent of
the total school time available to them.
Effective time managers in the classroom do not waste valuable
minutes on unimportant activities; they keep their students con-
tinuously and actively engaged. Good managers perform the fol-
lowing time-conserving functions:
. Planning Class Work: choosing the content to be studied,
scheduling time for presentation and study, and choosing those
instructional activities (such as grouping, seatwork, or recita-
tion) best suited to learning the material at hand;
. Communicating Goals: setting and conveying expectations
so students know what they are to do, what it will take to get a
passing grade, and what the consequences of failure will be;
. Regulating Learning Activities: sequencing course con-
tent so knowledge builds on itself, pacing instruction so stu-
dents are prepared for the next step, monitoring success rates so
all students stay productively engaged regardless of how quickly
they learn, and running an orderly, academically focused class-
room that keeps wasted time and misbehavior to a minimum.
When teachers carry out these functions successfully and supple-
ment them with a well-designed and well-managed program of home-
work, they can achieve three important goals:
. They capture students' attention.
. They make the best use of available learning time.
. They encourage academic achievement.
Berliner, D. (September l983). "The Executive Functions of
Teaching." The Instructor, Vol. 93, No. 2, pp. 28-40.
Brophy, J. (1979) "Teacher Behavior and Its Effects." Journal
of Educational Psychology, Vol. 7l, No. 6, pp. 733-750.
Hawley, W., and Rosenholtz, S. with Goodstein, H. and Hassel-
bring, T. (Summer l984). "Good Schools: What Research Says
About Improving Student Achievement." Peabody Journal of Educa-
tion, Vol. 6l, No. 4.
Stallings, J. (l980). "Allocated Academic Learning Time Revis-
ited, or Beyond Time on Task." Educational Researcher, Vol. 9,
No. ll, pp. ll-l6.
Walberg, H. J. (l984). "What Makes Schooling Effective? A
Synthesis and a Critique of Three National Studies." Contempora-
ry Education: A Journal of Reviews, Vol. l, No. l, pp. 22-34.